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TS 10th Class Social 7th Lesson Settlements - Migration

Question 1.
What is a settlement?

Answer:

  1. The way we organize ourselves and our living spaces in a place is called a settlement
  2. The geographic space where we live and work is a settlement
  3. In a settlement, we have different kinds of activities - educational, religious, commercial etc
  4. There may be various settlements of humans, right from a small hamlet to a megacity
  5. Settlements usually undergo changes
  6. Many basic concepts like site, situation, and the history of the place attract settlements in various places
  7. As settlements become more and more diversified in their characteristics, they also become more and more complex
Question 2.
How did human lifestyles change with the settlement?

Answer:

  1. Settlements change for many reasons
  2. Over the decades, cities have attracted people from all parts surrounding them as people migrated in search of livelihood, jobs etc.
  3. This resulted in different types of slum areas or areas of the poor in the city
  4. Some are regularized and the rest are unauthorized colonies
  5. These places at a later time demarcated for other purposes.
  6. People face constant threats of eviction
  7. Planning authorities ignore the existence of these and these colonies do not receive many public amenities
  8. Increasing urbanization is providing greater opportunities for people and causes more economic productivities
  9. Apart from that, people face many problems
    10. (OR)
  10. Agriculture brought about many changes in human lifestyles
  11. People do not have to travel over large areas to obtain food
  12. They could now increasingly stay in one place. As agriculturalists, they were increasingly sedentary
  13. As agriculture progressed, people organized their life around patterns observed in nature
    14. For example, the seasonal cycles, how to predict climatic conditions, how to plan the timing at cropping practices and so on
  14. They also had time to speculate on other things - The movements of heavenly bodies
  15. Population size also increased
Question 3.
Define site features and situation features. Give one example for each from the place you live in?

Answer:

  1. To understand what kinds of places attracted settlement we need to look at these basic concepts
    2. (I) site (ii) situation (iii) history of the place.
  2. Site refers to the characteristics of the place its topography, altitude, water characteristics (the place with lakes, rivers, underground water, etc.) types of soils, security, shelter from natural forces, and so on
  3. The place we live in mostly consists of alluvial soil as it is on the banks of the river Krishna
  4. The situation describes the connections with other places
  5. The place we live in is equidistant from towns Mangalagiri and Tenali and the city of Vijayawada
Question 4.
How does the Census of India define various kinds of places? How does it organize them in order of size and other characteristics?

Answer:

  1. The Census of India, organizes settlements in India in a hierarchy based on the population
  2. The lowermost in hierarchy was a hamlet which is defined as a group of houses within the revenue village
  3. The next above is a revenue or census village, which is defined as a village with defined borders
  4. All the urban areas having a population between 5000 to 1 lakh are called towns
  5. Urban areas having a population between 1 lakh to 1 million are called cities or class I cities
  6. Cities having a population between one million to 10 million are called metropolitan cities or million plus cities
  7. Cities having more than 10 million people are called Mega cities
  8. The Census of India organizes the above on the basis or in order of size, population and a few other characteristics
Question 5.
What is an aerotropolis? How is it structured?

Answer:

  1. Aerotropolises are the settlements that are centered around large airports
  2. In an aerotropolis the port functions as a city in its own right
  3. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing etc. are provided right there
  4. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counter parts right there, and fly out with all the comfort of a city, without the traffic and other problems
  5. Some of aerotropolises are emerging in these places in India. Bengaluru International Airport, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad), Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)

10th Class Social Studies 7th Lesson People and Settlement InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.Field Work:
Look at your own city, town, or village. Draw a sketch map of a selected area using the methods you had learned earlier. Your map should show the following?

Answer:Roads; Houses; Shops and markets; Streams and drains; Some pubic places - hospitals, schools, bus stand, railway station etc

  1. Are the public places at points that would be convenient to most people
  2. Do you find any pattern in the location of markets
  3. Are the houses in clusters? Are they linked to the main road
Question 2.
Talk to people in the selected area and find out the changes in the settlement during the past twenty years and the reasons for this. What amenities should have been provided for, but has not been done?

Answer:

  1. Yes, the public places at points are more convenient to most people.
  2. Yes, the markets are located in definite distances for the use of people.
  3. Many houses are planned and built-in colonies. Most of the colonies are connected to the nearest main roads.

I have interviewed the people of Satyanarayanapuram in Vijayawada. The railway track in that area was removed. BRTS project was sanctioned in that area. Now the BRTS Road is in use to some extent. The nearest Railway Colony is redesigned. Many shopping complexes, educational institutions are established

Many shops are shifted from I town to Mahatma Gandhi Road. The Vijayawada Bus Stand is the best in the state/country. The Railway Station building is designed as a palace. The roads are widened

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 89

Question 2.
Compare and contrast : Using the information above, compare and contrast nomadic and sedentary lifestyles. See how many points you can identify. (Make another table if the space is not enough here.) ?

Answer:

Nomadic lifestyle Sedentary lifestyle
1) Nomadic lifestyle means, they kept moving from place to place 1) Sedentary lifestyle means, they are staying in one place
2) Nomadics gathered food from plants and trees 2) Sedentary people take up deliberate production of food
3) They hunt animals for their meat, hide etc 3) They did not travel for long distances for food
4) Those people are known as hunter- gatherers 4) Those people are known as hunter- gatherers
5) They started making and using tools initially made of stone 5) Their practice of agriculture brought many changes in human lifestyles
6) With tools they hunt more effectively 6) As agriculturists they were increasingly sedentary
Question 3.
Find out what factors have influenced the settlement of your place in the past ten years?

Answer:

  1. The settlement where we live has been influenced by many factors in the past ten years
  2. The situation feature of it has been taken care of as all the villages and nearly towns are being connected with all-weather roads
  3. The soils are of a black cotton type and they were completely made use of with various crops are grown like cotton, rice, turmeric, banana etc
  4. The water facility has been provided by the river an 8 km distant and fresh water made available for usage
  5. The market was made an uplift with almost all facilities for vendors as well as the customers
  6. The visiting places were made aesthetic and tourist attractive
  7. A national disaster rescue force was in operation, providing shelter from natural forces

10th Class Social Textbook Page No. 93

Question 4.
Observe the following table?
Question1.
In the population data given in the above table, are the numbers reported for every decade? If not, which decade data is not reported here?

Answer: Yes, the percentages are reported for every decade except in 1901

Question2.
From which decade to which decade has the population increase been the highest (in percentage)?

Answer: The population increase has been the highest from 1951 to 1961

Question3.
From which decade to which decade has the population increase been the least (in percentage)?

Answer: The decade 1911 to 1921 showed the lowest population increase

Question4.
Plot the absolute population of Visakhapatnam on a line graph covering 1901-2011. What observations can you make about the changes in the absolute population size?

Answer:

Question5.
Observations ?
  1. The population growth was stable till 1951
  2. The population growth rate was above 50% after independence
  3. The decade of 1951 to 1961 experienced the highest growth
  4. The absolute population has crossed 10 lakhs between 1991 to 2001
  5. It took 9 decades to cross 10 lakhs whereas it took only one decade to cross 20 lakhs
Question 5.
Review site and situation .. Column A contains features of a place. In column B, write site, if it is a site feature or situation if it is a situation feature. In column C, write the ways in which this feature could impact?

Answer:

Question 6.Field work . Understanding the settlement of your place?

Question1.
Go to some of the production locations you have noted (farms, factories, offices, shops, quarries, etc.) in the sketch map you drew and find out where they get raw materials/inputs from and where they send their goods?

Answer: VIJAYA MILK FACTORY (VIJAYAWADA) They get milk from the neighbouring villages and from our city. They send their production throughout the state and our neighbouring states also like Tamil Nadu

Question2.
Which raw materials come from within your settlement?

Answer: Milk

Question3.
Similarly, find out whether the finished goods are sold only in your own settlement or sent to other places (if other places, find out where)?

Answer: They supply their milk and milk products throughout the state and nearby states also

Question4.
Why did production begin here?

Answer: Reasons for starting the production

  1. Favourable location
  2. Animal wealth in the surrounding villages and in the city
  3. Transport facilities
  4. Storage facilities
  5. Availability of skilled and unskilled labour
  6. Power supply
  7. Investors
  8. Other facilities like water etc
Question6.
Give some example of site features that has influenced production in the area?

Answer:

  1. It is near to the railway station and bus stand.
  2. Krishna river water and underground water is available.
Question7.
Give examples of situation features that influenced production in your area?

Answer: It has train routes and road routes to all the areas in the state and to nearby states

Question8.
How was production influenced by the history of the place?

Answer: Vijayawada is a city on the banks of the river Krishna. Many kingdoms ruled this region. It is famous for its temples of Durgamata and Mary mata. From the historical periods it is con¬nected with the nearest villages. So the production is influenced

Question 7.
Consider your own place ?

Answer:The bigger a place is, the more variety of services you can find there. Take educational facilities as an example. This exercise can help illustrate how more specialized services are found in bigger places (i.e., places that are higher in the hierarchy)

Question1.
What are the levels of schooling you can get in your place? E.g.: primary,high school, higher secondary ("+2"), college (undergraduate, postgraduate)?

Answer: Postgraduate college

Question2.
If you want to study beyond the highest level offered in your place, where would you have to go?

Answer: I would have to go to any capital city, like Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras etc

Question3.
What kind of professional courses can you join in your place? e.g.: engineering, medicine, commerce, technical diploma, etc?

Answer: All the courses mentioned in the question

Question4.
If you want some other professional course, where will you have to go?

Answer: I would have to go to capital city, like Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras etc

Question 8.
Atlas work. In your atlas and look at a map of Indict. Notice how different places are shown using differ¬ent sizes of symbols: national capital, state capital, other cities, etc. How many levels are shown using different symbols? Are tiny villages shown? Create your own table and arrange the places in decreasing order (i. e., most prominent place at the top, less prominent places as you go down) Here is an example table for you. Two examples are shown, fill in details for other places?

Answer: Repeat this kind of study for any other country of your choice.

Question 9.
Indian settlements in the hierarchy. The Census of India, organises settlements ¡n India using certain criteria. In the table 3 the Census departments definitions of various settlement types are given. Read them carefully and complete the exercise. Given on text page 97 Is a pyramid. The bottom-most part of the pyramid shows the lowest level of the settlement hierarchy according to the Indian census. The top-most shows highest level. Fill in the details that are left blank?
  1. The name given to the particular level of settlement (Two examples are shown)
  2. Give one example of a settlement from Andhra Pradesh (except in Mega cities. Why?)
  3. Try to place the town where you live (if you live in a village show the town in which your school is located) at the correct level, in the space below, give 1 or 2 reasons for your choice
  4. Do you think settlements should be classified only on the basis of the population? Can you think of any other way? Discuss with your teacher and identify the criteria for such classification

Answer:

  1. Vijayawada is a settlement from Andhra Pradesh. Reason: Andhra Pradesh has no megacity
  2. I live in Kalisipudi and I am studying in Akividu ZPH School. Kalisipudi is my native place. Akividu ZPH School is the best school we know
  3. Settlement can be classified on the basis of population. It can also be classified on the facilities and historical issues
Question 10.
What is at the centre of an aerotropolis ?

Answer:

  1. A new kind of settlement is occurring in many countries, including India
  2. These settlements are centered around large airports. Hence the name Aerotropolis (or airport city)
Question 11.
Name any two facilities located at or near the centre of an aerotropolis?

Answer:

  1. In an aerotropolis the airport functions as a city in its own right
  2. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing, etc. are provided right there
  3. People can fly in, conduct their business with their counterparts right there and fly out with all the comfort of any, without the traffic and other problems
Question 12.
On an outline map of the world, locate and label the cities given in the examples. Name the country and the airport also on the map. Remember to use different types of text to identify the name of the country and the names of the cities and airports. Thus, it will be very easy to see which words are names of countries, and which are for cities and their airports?

Answer:

  1. Kempegowda International Airport (Bengaluru)
  2. Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)
  3. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad)
  4. 5uvarnabhoomi International Airport (Bangkok, Thailand)
  5. Dubai International Airport (Dubai, UAE)
  6. Cairo International Airport (Cairo, Egypt)
  7. London Heathrow Airport (London)
Question 13.
Suppose the place you have studied for this chapter gets an aerotropolis near it. Mention 3 ways in which the site features of your place may change. Similarly, mention 3 ways in which the situation features of your place may change?

Answer:

  1. Suppose the place we have studied for this chapter gets an aerotropolis near It
  2. The security facilities for the region are beefed up
  3. Much of the underground waters are drawn to facilitate those constructions
  4. Many lakes underlying might be covered with soil to facilitate the required land
  5. Aerotropolis is within 15 minutes walking distance from the University gate
  6. It is 20 km away from the central bus station
  7. It has all weather connecting roads to all colonies of the city
Question 14.
Using your atlas locate Berhampur?

Answer:

Question 15.
What is the issue about which the people of Mohuda village are upset ?

Answer:

  1. Mohuda village was on the outskirts of Berhampur Municipal Corporation, Odisha
  2. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste everyday
  3. The nature of solid waste also changes everyday as per change in life style of inhabitants
  4. So Berhampur Municipal Corporation chose Mohuda village to set up solid waste treatment plant in 30 acres of government land
  5. But from the very beginning, the proposal has received opposition from peasants and villagers of the area
  6. Villagers of Mohuda have started to protest against the establishment of the solid waste treatment plant near their village
Question 16.
How many people and animals are expected to be adversely affected by the facility?

Answer:

  1. Villagers of Mohuda area have started to protest against the establishment of the solid waste treatment plant near their village
  2. According to them, if this solid waste treatment plant was established near Mohuda, pollution caused by it may affect a population of around 30,000 people as well as around 10,000 domestic animals of the area
Question 17.
What was the alternative location for the facility and why was it not used?

Answer:

  1. The alternative location for this facility was Chandania hill on the outskirts of the city
  2. Twenty acres of land had also been ear marked for the purpose
  3. A boundary wall had been built up around the land patch at a cost of over 50 lakh rupees
  4. But it was found that the land at Chandania hill was forest land
  5. It was to be transferred to revenue department and consequently to Berhampur Municipal Corporation
  6. Then only the waste treatment plant can be established in that land
Question 18.
What data does the report give about the quantity of solid waste produced by Berhampur ?

Answer:

  1. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste every day
  2. In three years it must have increased say Berhampur Municipal Corporation Authorities
  3. The nature of solid waste also changes every day as per change in lifestyle of inhabitants
  4. This is the data that the report gives about the quantity of solid waste produced in Berhampur
Question 19.
Berhampur Municipal Corporation authorities say that the amount of solid waste, produced by the city"must have increased in three years."Do you agree or disagree with their statement? Why or why not ?

Answer:

  1. Berhampur Municipal Corporation authorities say that the amount of solid waste produced by the city must have increased in three years
  2. I do agree with this statement
  3. In 2009, itself Berhampur was producing over 150 tons of solid waste every day
  4. Not only that, the nature of solid waste also changes every day as per change in the lifestyle of inhabitants
  5. Usually city population increases at a rapid rate due to urbanization
  6. Thus, the solid waste in Berhampur must have increased in 3 years

Important Question

TS 10th Class Social Important Questions 7th Lesson Settlements - Migration

1 Mark Questions
Question 1.
Write any one reason for international migration?

Answer: Education and Employment are the main reasons for international migration. Observe the graph below and answer the questions 2, 3.

Question 2.
Which social background people are migrating more?

Answer: OBC are migrating more

Question 3.
What is the reason for short-term migration?

Answer: The reason for short term migration ¡n rural areas is distress caused there

Question 4.
What do we have in a settlement?

Answer: In a settlement, we have different kinds of activities - educational, warehouse, commercial, etc

Question 5.
Why were the early humans called hunter-gatherers?

Answer: Early humans hunted and gathered their food. That is why they were called hunter-gatherers

Question 6.
The hunter-gatherers were nomads. Why?

Answer: The hunter-gatherers were kept moving from place to place. This was in search of food gathering food from plants and trees and hunting animals for meat, hide, and other uses

Question 7.
What kinds of places attracted settlements?

Answer: Some basic concepts are to be understood for this. Those are

  1. site
  2. situation and
  3. the history of the place
Question 8.
What does site refer to?

Answer: Site refers to the characteristics of the place - its topography, altitude, water characteristics (does it have lakes, rivers, underground water, etc.), types of soils, security, shelter from natural forces and so on

Question 9.
Name any two cities whIch were developed by the colonial powers?

Answer: Mumbai and Chennai

Question 10.
What is called Urbanisation?

Answer: People have been increasingly taking up non-agriculture work and living in cities and towns. This is called Urbanisation

Question 11.
Name the their cities which accommodate more than 10 million people each?

Answer: Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata

Question 12.
What are the problems in urbanisation?

Answer: Though there has been an increase in urbanisation, the necessity of providing basic infrastructure that can support this growth is missing. e.g.: roads, drainage, electricity. waler and public facilities

Question 13.
What are aerotropolis?

Answer:A new kind of settlement is occurring in many countries, including India. These settlements around large airports are called Aerotropolis

Question 14.
What are the facilities in an aerotropolis?

Answer: Hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing, etc

Question 15.
What are the comforts of people in aerotropolis?

Answer: People can tty in, conduct their business with their counterparts right there, and fly out- with all the contort of a city, without the traffic and other problems

Question 16.
Name some farm of aerotropolises which are emerging in India?

Answer:

  1. Bengaluru International Airport.
  2. Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi
  3. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad
Question 17.
What are Megacities?

Answer: The cities having more than 10 million persons are Megacities

Question 18.
What are Towns?

Answer: All the urban areas having populations between 5000 to 1 Iakh are called Towns

Question 19.
What are Hamlets?

Answer: A group of houses within the revenue village are called Hamlets

Question 20.
How does migration arise?

Answer: Migration arises out of various social, economic or political reasons

Question 21.
How can we identify a person as a migrant?

Answer: For identifying a person as a migrant, two criteria are used by the centres: birthplace last usual place of residence

Question 22.
What is the most common reason for female migration?

Answer: Marriage is the most common reason for female migration

Question 23.
What is the most common reason for male migration?

Answer: Employment or seeking employment is the most common reason for male migration

Question 24.
Give some other reasons for migration?

Answer: Dissatisfaction with employment opportunities for studies, loss in business, family, friends, etc. are also some other reasons for migration

Question 25.
Where do the urban migrants have to work?

Answer: Most urban migrants have to work in the unorganised sector. They could be working as hawkers, painters, repair persons, rickshaw puliera, construction labour, etc

Question 26.
Why do migrants continue to live as daily workers?

Answer: The migrants from rural to urban are not able to find jobs in the organised sector and therefore theres no job security and decent income that they were aspiring for, They continue to live as daily workers

Question 27.
Why is the number of seasonal migrants underestimated in India?

Answer: The number of seasonal migrants is underestimated in India due to limitations in the definition of the term migrant used n national surveys

Question 28.
Who are the rural seasonal migrants?

Answer: The rural seasonal migrants are mainly agricultural labourers or marginal farmers in their place of origin and mostly belong to low-income households. Dalits and Adivasis

Question 29.
Where do rural seasonal migrants work?

Answer: The rural seasonal migrants work in agriculture and plantations, brick kilns queens, construction sites and fish processing

Question 30.
Who have a long history of migrating?

Answer: Maie from Saora tribals have a long history of migrating to work in Assam plantation, Munda and Santhal men migrate to work in mining sites in Odisha

Question 31.
Which depend on migrant workers?

Answer: Construction sites ¡n most urban areas depend on migrant workers

Question 32.
It Is also common to see migrants What is it?

Answer: It is also common to see migrants selling plastic goods, vegetables, and engage in their petty businesses and casual labour

Question 33.
What is the economic condition of the seasonal migrants?

Answer: Seasonal migrants are not only poor but have little or no land at their native place

Question 34.
What did the N.C.R.L find?

Answer: The National Commission of Rural Labour in its reports in 1990s found that uneven development and regional disparity triggered and accelerated seasonal migration

Question 35.
How do the migrant labourers spend?

Answer: Migrant labourers spend more on food as they cannot get food grains from fair-price shops at their workplaces

Question 36.
Why do they suffer from health problems?

Answer: As they live in harsh circumstances and in unhygienic conditions, they suffer from health problems and are prone to diseases

Question 37.
Name some health problems from which they suffer?

Answer: Bodyache, sunstroke, skin irritation and lung diseases

Question 38.
Why are migrants not able to access various health and family care programmes?

Answer: Migrants are not able to access various health and family care programmes as they do not belong to the organised sector

Question 39.
Do the migrant workers have maternity leave?

Answer: No, they do not have maternity leave

Question 40.
Which leaves a deep impact on migrants?

Answer: Exposure to different environment, stress associated with it, food available and social atmosphere leave a deep impact on migrants

Question 41.
What does migration allow?

Answer: Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having to sell assets. It is also common to find migrant families buying house, land, agricultural machinery and consumer durables

Question 42.
How many kinds of migrations are there? What are they?

Answer: There are two kinds of migrations. They are :

  1. InternaI migrations
  2. International migrations
Question 43.
How do some migrants migrate regularly?

Answer: Some migrants might take up robs in the destination, acquire skills required in the destination area, become aware of how to get regular jobs and migrate regularly or permanently

Question 44.
Where do the skilled Indians migrate?

Answer: The skilled Indians migrate to the U.S.A.. the U.K., Canada, Germany, Norway, Japan and Malaysia

Question 45.
What is the; second type of international migration?

Answer: The second type of international migration is unskilled and semi-skilled workers migrating to oil-exporting countries of the West Asia on temporary contracts

Question 46.
What is the Emigration Act, 1983?

Answer: The Emigration Act, 1983 is the Indian law governing migration and employment of Indians abroad

Question 47.
What do you suggest to overcome the problems of foreign migrants?

Answer: The foreign migrants should take many necessary steps. They should opt proper inter mediaries for selecting jobs. Agreements should be written properly with legal aid

2 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Delhi is the second biggest city In the country. Explain the reasons for It?

Answer:

  1. The city of Delhi can claim to have been central to many empires that ruled India
  2. When India gained independence, the city remained Its capital
  3. Over the decades, the city has attracted people from all parts of India as they migrated in search of livelihood, jobs, etc.
  4. As the capital of the country, with the Parliament and Central Government offices, there are people from all parts living In the city
  5. Surrounding areas of Delhi are developed
  6. Establishment of industries in surrounding areas of Delhi
Question 2.
What are the reasons for migration?

Answer:

  1. Migrations can happen due to many reasons
  2. Females reported management as the most common reason
  3. Mates migrate on employment or seeking employment opportunities
  4. Dissatisfaction with employment opportunities In the native place is one reason
  5. SetIer opportunity for studies, loss in business, family feuds are some other reasons for migration
Question 3.
Create a pamphlet on "Prevention of Migration"?

Answer: Prevention Of Migration Reasons: When families migrate, they live in harsh circumstances and in unhygienic conditions, they suffer from health problems and are prone to diseases. Migratory pressures on communities of origin can be related to social and economic distress. They can be linked to environmental degradation as we as natural man-made hazards and they can be due to persecution on conflict and violence. By supporting disaster preparedness and building resilience at a community level. Conclusion: We should prevent migration to reduce the above problems. National societies are contributing elevating pressures that can induce people to migrate against their will and desire

Question 4.
Analyse the problems of Urbanisation?

Answer: Urbanization: The migration of people from rural areas to urban areas is called urbanisation

Causes of urbanisation:
  1. Natural growth
  2. Inclusion of rural areas and
  3. Migrations
Challenges of urbanisation:
  1. The rapid inflows of rural population to urban places give rise to housing problem and thus slums are developed in these places
  2. The decrease in rural population effects the agricultural protection due to shortage of workers In rural areas
  3. Due to use of more vehicles, air, water, sound pollutions are increased
  4. Traffic problems will arise
  5. Proper drainage facilities are not expanded
  6. Using of plastic covers is increased
  7. The unerrçloyment increases in urban areas
  8. Due to this, various criminal activities, corruption, etc. increase affecting the law and order system
Question 5.
How does the gender bias effect when the women work outside of the home now a days?

Answer: Before the rise of large-scale industrialization, home and workplace were one and the same. But now the disparity between men and women in the workplaces is a common Issue. Workers acknowledge gender dlscrimination is possible in modem organizations, but at the same time maintain their workplaces to be gender neutral. Women are facing a high degree of gender bias when it comes to their careers. There is a general perception that women are less capable than men Ni matters of business and decision-making

it Is often a strenuous struggle for a woman not just to her mettle but also to make a deserving way to the top. Career goals of women are considered less Important compared to male counterparts. The disparity is also seen in the wages and salaries also. Thus the relationship is negative

Question 6.
Write a brief note on Seasonal migration?

Answer: Brief note on Seasonal Migration: A large section of rural workers migrates for a short period in some specific seasons. This duration may be less than six months. Agricultural labourers, marginal farmers and adivasis are mainly seasonal migrants. Examples for seasonal migration are sugar cane cutters, labourers Ni brick kiins

Question 7.
What happened as population increased?

Answer: As population increased, there was more specialization weavers, potters, metal workers and other professions emerged. The number and variety of goods produced Increased and so did the trade in them. Rulers began to encourage craftspersons to settle in urban areas. Urban settlements, i.e., towns where people did not work in agriculture expanded

Question 8.
What do you know about Visakhapatnam?

Answer: Visakhapatnam has a long history. It was ruled by different dynasties during pre-colonial Irnos. During the 19th century, the British and French fought a naval battle over this city. Coastal places were of immense significance for colonial powers because they could build poils there. These ports would enable the export of raw retenaIs to the coloniznig country

Question 9.
What happened In early settlement periods? Give an example?

Answer: In early settlement periods, places which had favourable water supply and good protection from invasions were preferred. For example. Chhatrapati Sivaji built a foil in Pratapgad. Maharashtra, This site was chosen because of its altitude from where all the surrounding areas could be seen. This provided military security

Question 10.
Why did most of the population increase In cities and towns take place?

Answer: Most of the population increase in cities and towns took place as a consequence of natural growth within the urban areas. Some of the growth in urban settlements took place by expansion, with the inclusion of rural areas surrounding older cities and towns. Only One-fifth of the growth is due to rural-to-urban migration

Question 11.
Why has the population of Visakhapatnam grown significantly over the centuries?

Answer: Over the decades, Visakhapatnarns population has grown significantly. This growth is a result of the importance of Visakhapatnam as a port city. This population increase also indicates growth in economic and social opportunities

Question 12.
Why did the settlements become more and more complex?

Answer: As settlements became more and more diversified in their characteristics, they also became more and more complex. Gradually, a network of places in a hierarchy has been formed

Question 13.
How does urban India contribute to Indians economic development?

Answer: Service sector activities such as finance, insurance, real estate and business-related service activities such as transport, storage and communication contribute more than industrial activities. There Is no major growth of Industrial output over the last few decades

Question 14.
Give some examples of emerging aerotropolises. (International)?

Answer:

  1. Suvarnabhumi International Airport (Bangkok. Thailand)
  2. Dubai International ANport (Dubai, UAE)
  3.  Cairo International Airport (Cairo. Egypt)
  4. London Heathrow Airport (London, UK)
Question 15.
Write down some problems of urbanization?

Answer:

  1. The growing urban population has to be housed
  2. It needs water supply, sewage and other waste disposals, transportation and many other things
  3. Vehicle use increases
Question 16.
Though there has been an morcase in urbanzation, the necessity of providing ultrastructure that can support this growth is missing. What is your opinion on the conditions of urban poor people?

Answer: Due to urbanisation, the people of surrounding villages are reaching the towns and cities. Many of them aro working in unorganised sector. As they are economically backward, they are settling in slum areas. Usually, they are occupying government unorganised (poram bok) areas for their residences. Govt also building colonies toi them. Ex: Vambey Colony But the slum areas in which they are Moving are lack of water, sanitation and toilet facilities. Mostly they are living in ill-healthy conditions

Question 17.
Why are Embassies set up?

Answer: Embassies set up by the Indian Government in different countries are expected to follow the legal procedures and protect the welfare of the international migrants as given In the Emigration Act

Question 18.
Which depends upon the needs of rural family members?

Answer: Remittances - money sent by migrants from their destinations - are an important means of supplementing, or generating additional incomes for the rural family. The amount of remittances and the pressure to remain In the urban areas depends upon the needs of rural family members

Question 19.
Why do migrants retain the economic ties In rural areas?

Answer: Migrants retain the economic ties in rural areas because they want to safeguard their rights over land and homestead. Families left in rural areas are important for most urban migrants. In fact, it is the family which decides whether their family monther should migrate or not

Question 20.
Why do people migrate from rural areas?

Answer: People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportunities, Inadequate income available in rural employment. They also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family mentors and may be better, services

Question 21.
Why do many families have residences at both the ends?

Answer: Many families have residences both at their origin- (native place) and at the destination. They shift between the two depending on work and seasons. Migration does not necessarily involve the movement of all members of the family, and often the wife remains in the rural area

Question 22.
Why do migrants also pass on the urban opportunities to the rural areas?

Answer: Migrants also pass on ttie urban opportunities to the rural areas so that potential migrants can engage in rural-based ob search. In most cases, migration is the survival strategy for many families

Question 23.
Do you think migrants are troublemakers? Justify your answer?

Answer:

  1. Yes. I think migrants are troublemakers
  2. The migrants may not be provided proper facilities by the government
  3. The migrants may question for proper facilities in the long course
  4. If the migrants begin to fight for their identity, then the trouble will start
Ex: Tamil people in Sri Lanka (OR)
  1. No. I think migrants are not trouble makers
  2. Generally, migrants go for their livelihood
  3. Therefore no scope to tight for domination
  4. Migrants wont trouble anybody because they wont fight for identity and domination
Ex: Sugarcane cutters in Maharashtra
Question 24.
Graph: Social Background of short-term migrants in India. 2007-08. Read the above Pie diagram and answer the following questions?
Question 1. How much per cent of STs migrated in 2007-08?

Answer: STs constitute 23% of the migrated .n 2007 - 08

Question 2. Which is the maximum migrated class in 2007-08? What is Its percentage?

Answer: The maximum migration is from the class of OBCs and it is 40%

Question 3. In which class we notice minimum migrants?

Answer: The minimum migrants are there from others which is 18%

4 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Mention the challenges of Urbanization and suggest remedies?

Answer: Urbanisation: The migration of people from rural areas to urban areas is called urbanisation

Causes of urbanisation:
  1. Natural growth
  2. Inclusion of rural areas and
  3. Migrations
Challenges of urbanisation:
  1. The rapid inflows of rural population to urban places give rise to housing problems and thus slums are developed in these places
  2. The decrease in rural population effects the agricultural production dueto shortage of workers in rural areas
  3. Due to use of more vehicles, air, water, sound pollution are increased
  4. Traffic problem will use
  5. Proper drainage facikties are not expanded
  6. Using of plastic covers are increased
  7. The unemployment increases in urban areas
  8. Due to this, various criminal activities, corruption, etc. increase affecting the law and order system
Remedies:
  1. Controlling of migrations from villages to towns and cities
  2. RecyclIng of waste materials
  3. Providing more employment opportunities in villages
  4. Eradicating the use of plastic
Question 2.
Write your reflections on the vulnerable conditions of Indian migrants to West Asia?

Answer: Vulnerable conditions of Indian migrants to West Asia

  1. At times, migrant workers are not paid their salaries, and recruitment agents cheat prospective workers or collect more than the prescribed fees for their role in getting work for workers abroad
  2. Employers also terminate the job contract before its expiry, and change the employment contract to the disadvantage of migrant workers
  3. Pay less than the agreed salary and freeze fringe benefits and other perks
  4. They often force workers to do overtime without making additional payments and deny permission to keep ones own passport
  5. Indian migrant workers seldom lodge any complaint against their foreign employers for the fear of losing their jobs
Question 3.
Give solutions to address the urbanization problems?

Answer:

  1. Proper- maintenance of sewage water
  2. Proper supply of drinking water
  3. Providing infrastructural facilities in rural areas
  4. Giving importance to AicuIture
  5. Establishing industries in rural areas to generate employment
  6. Widening of urban roads
  7. Strict implementation of rules to reduce pollution
  8. Coordination among different wings or departments
Question 4.
Write down the advantages and disadvantages of the people when they migrate?

Answer: Advantages:

  1. Urban migrants have plenty of opportunities for education and acquire new skills and take new jobs effectively
  2. Thus they earn more incomes
  3. Remittances are an important means of supplementing or generating additional income for the rural families
  4. Migration allows households to meet debt and other obligations without having lo sell assets
  5. Migrant families buy houses, land, gold, agricultural machinery and consumer durables
  6. Majority of migrants either remit or bring back savings
  7. Thus their purchasing power Increases
Disadvantages:
  1. Migrant labourers spend more on food as they cannot get food grains frown fair-price shops
  2. They live in harsh circumstances and in unhygienic conditions
  3. They suffer from health problems and are prone to diseases,
  4. They do not have creche facilities
  5. Grown children are not able to continue their studies at the parents new workplaces
  6. Exposure to different environments, stress associated with it, food availability and social atmosphere leave a deep impact on migrants
Question 5.
Read the given paragraph and interpret. Labour being the most abundant factor of production, it would be ideal if the new ways of fanning used mud, more labour. Unfortunately, such a thing has not happened The use of labour on farms Is limited. The labour, looking for opportunities its thus migrating to neighbouring villages, towns and cities. Some labour has entered the non-farm sector in the village?

Answer:

  1. Labour means people who do the work either highly trained and educated or who can do manual work
  2. Each worker is providing the necessary labour for production
  3. Skilled or seniskiled or unslolled Labour . all are providing labour for production
  4. Thus labour is an essential item in production

Conclusion: II government provide loans to landless labour for Agriculture purpose, motor purposes, engines, etc. more labour we will find In the agricultural sector

Question 6.
What kind of places are attracted as settlements? Explain?

Answer: Some places attract more people. There are many reasons for it. Some of them are:

  1. Good transport facilitIes: These facilities reduce the journey time. Hence a place which has good transport facilities attract the people more
  2. Good living conditions: One cannot change his own environment. The place which has good sanitation. Public transport system. Pollution-free environment naturally attracts more people
  3. Education, bob opportunities: Having good education gives a chance to take a good profession. The places which have good educational institutions and companies attract more people

Other reasons: Availability of good health services, having basic needs like electricity, peaceful lifestyle are some of the other factors contributing to attracting people

Question 7.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it. As population increased There was more specialization-weavers, potters workers and other prolesskwis emerged. The number and variety o goods produced increased and so did the trade in Them. Rulers began to encourage craftspersons to settle in urban areas. Urban settlements i.e. towns, where people did not practice agriculture expanded?

Answer: At the beginning the rulers encouraged the craftspersons to settle in urban area. Gradually the facilities increased in urban areas. People who did not have land migrated to towns and cities to improve their living conditions. When industries were established, they left Their occupations and joined in industries for better lite. Slowly town areas are increasing. The population is also increasing and the number of people who depend on agriculture are also slowly decreasing. The share of agriculture in GDP is also reducing. But In urban areas the people are facing so many problems

Question 8.
Observe the given pie chart and answer the question that follows: The social background of shod-term migrants In India, 2007 - 08 Write a paragraph analyzing It?

Answer: This pie chart is about the social background of short-term migrants in India. 2007-08. It gives category-wise information of SC, ST, OBC and Others. On the overall observation, it is deafly understood that major number is from OBCa and others are less in percentage. Normally in population, the number of people from other backward classes is more. It is also observed in rural areas. People belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes have very less land and Nl some cases they have no lands. Recently the trend is changing. Due to some welfare schemes, they are also leading better life

The percentage of others is also nearly equal to the scheduled castes. Their migration purpose may be different. Many of these migrants work In unorganized sectors like, construction work, brick industries, selling plastic goods and vegetables or in casual work. The government should take care of these migrants and think why these people are migrating from their places. Impossible rural prosperity is to be focused. Public facilities are to be provided at the rural areas and so this migration can be stopped or decreased

Question 9.
How were the settlements begun and explain, why do they change?

Answer: Settlements: For about 1.8 lakh years. early humans lived In bands as hunter-gatherers. They didnt practice agriculture. However, owing to changes in ways of obtaining food some bands took to the deliberate method of production of food agriculture. The basic concepts of settlements are site, situation and history of the place. With regard to site of a place, its topography, altitude, lakes, rivers, type of soil, security, shelter and so on will be observed. Places do not exist In isolation. Elevated places are useful to see the surroundings if anybody is approaching can be identified easily. The historical background is also an important one for people to decide to reside there

For the sake of livelihoods and migration, settlements change. Delhi was the capital for many dynasties for many years. People do not want to stay at their places in rural areas. The people suffer a lot at rural areas because of distress in agriculture. The farmers also want to send their children to cities and towns for the sake of education and employment. Sometimes the rural people migrate to urban areas for livelihoods, jobs, or to settle in any constructive work Many people in cities and towns choose self-employed we can Because of these reasons settlements have been changing

Question 10.
Observe the information given In the table and analyse. Table: Migrations in India [Census 1991-2001]?

Answer: Table Analysis: According to 1991 & 2001 census

  1. Total population in 1991 was 838.5 millions excluding J & K. At the same time En 2001 it was 1028.6 millions including J&K. There was a vanation of 21.5% growth in the population
  2. Total migrated people in 1991 were 229.8 millions and they were En 2001,307.1 million. There was 32.9% variation from 1991 to 2001
  3. Migrants from within the districts in 1991 were 136.2 millions and in 2001 were 181.7 millions. The variation is 32.6%
  4. Migrants from other districts of state in 1991 were only 59.1 millions and in 2001 were 76.8 millions. The variation is 29.5%
  5. In 1991 migrants from other states in India were 272 millions and 2001 they were 42.3 million. The variation is 54.5%
  6. Migrants from other countries were 6.9 millions in 1991. This number reduced to 6.1 millions in 2001. Hence, the variation is (-) 11.6%

From the above information, it is evident that total migrations increased from 1991 to 2001. Migrants within the district and migrants from other districts of state increased. Because of employment, facilities and education also increased Some areas are not developed, thats why people are migrating from one place to other places

Conclusion: Finally from the above information we understand that migrants from other countries to India decreased. So we understand that foreigners are not preferring to migrate India because of lack of resources and employment arid low paid salaries

Question 11.
Read the paragraph and write your opinion. Most of the population increase in cities and towns took place as a consequence of natural growth within the urban areas. The population of these urban areas increased over time. Some of the growth in urban settlements took place by expansion, with the inclusion of rural areas surrounding older cities and towns. Only one-fifth of the growth is due to rural-to-urban migration?

Answer: According to the paragraph given, the natural growth within the urban areas is more as the expansion is going on around the cities and towns. When a city or town expands the surrounding villages will be submerged in the city or town, The migration from rural areas is very less

My opinion Is that it is not common m all the cities and towns. In some cities and towns, it may be correct but m many arees the migrants are more in number. They are coming from rural areas to urban areas. They have different reasons lake livelihood, employment, childrens education, medical services for their chronic patients, dejection in agriculture and others. When all these people came to cities and towns there will be many problems

Government should take care of these problems and find solutions. Right to life is given by the constitution but it is not affordable to all. Agriculture is to be given priority and so villagers or farmers may stay there. It w be useful to increase the agro products also

Question 12.
Read the following paragraph and write your comments. How does urban India contribute to Indias economic development? Service sector activities such as finance, insurance, real estate and business-related service activities such as transport, storage and communication contribute more than Widustrial activities. There is no major growth of Industrial output over the last few decades?

Answer: According to the paragraph, It Is clearly understood that service activities play a crucial and vital role in economic development. The growth of industrial output is very less. It means service sector contributes more than that of the remaining sectors

My comments on this paragraph are that we should think of this situation in India Normally in an economy, there are three sectors viz, agriculture, industrial and service sectors. Many people depend upon agriculture in the past in our country but recently the scene in India is changing. the people are shifting from agriculture to other sectors, The narrator in agriculture Is gradually decreasing. All the activities mentioned in the given paragraph are increasing their services and contributing a lot in the economic development. In conclusion, I would like to say that the government should encourage agriculture and industries also

Many of the people working in service sector are in unorganized sector. They should be taken care of. If agriculture and industries are neglected, there will be new problems like shortage of good grains and other commodities

Question 13.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion. One of the impacts of Increased urbanization is the use of materials that either do not degrade or take a long time to do so. This produces waste that has lo be disposed off. Where do we put such waste? As urban areas expand, the waste Is increasingly pushed to rural areas where they are either just dumped or taken to waste treatment plants?

Answer: As per the paragraph given here, the effect of urbanization is in many ways. Collection and dumping of wastage and garbage has become a major issue. The expansion of urban areas is increasing day by day. The dumpng of waste leads to pollution in rural areas

My opinion on this paragraph Is that there are many reasons for migration and it leads to increasing in urbanization. Many migrants live in temporary settlements and they dont have shelters. These are not legal places where they live. So they dont come under regular dwellers of the city or town. Drinking water, milk, vegetables and other commodities shortage will be there

The major problem is disposal of waste. As It is irregular, they officials concerned dont concentrate on the increasing waste. I suggest the officials that they arrange sufficient mechanisms to collect the waste and pollution tree programmes are to be taken up. Dunlng in outskirts of towns and cities Is not the solution but it creates new problems. The collection is to be properly managed not to pollute the surroundings

Question 14.
Feel that you are living In urban area. Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner complaining about the urbanization problems arising due to migration and request to take necessary steps?

Answer: Anandnagar colony. Hyderabad. 4th August 2019, To The Commissioner, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad. Respected sir, I am Keshava Rao, the resident (H.No ............... ) of Mehdatnam. I would like to bring a few lines to your notice about the urbanization problems in out locality for yow kind consideration and necessary action. In our locality, the migrant number is increasing. They are coming to the city because of their needs and problems but it leads to new problems here. Water supply, sewage and other waste disposals, transportation and pollution problems are arising. There are plastic covers on the roads everywhere. Many animals on the roads oat those covers and die. As the garbage is increasing and it Is not properly cleaned, unbearable stench is spread. There may be a scope for different diseases. I request you to increase the number of workers and take necessary action to make city dean so as to maintain good health in our locality. Yours faithfully, ............. ............ Address on the envelope: To The Commissioner, GHMC, Near Tank Bund, Hyderabad-500 001

Question 15.
What happened to the migrant workers at times?

Answer: At times, migrant workers are not paid their salaries, recruitment agents cheat prospective workers can collect more than the prescribed fees for their role in getting work for workers abroad. Employers also terminate the job contract before its expiry. change the employment contract to the disadvantage of migrant workers, pay less than the agreed salary arid freeze fringe benefits and other perks. They often force workers to do overtime without making additional payments and deny permission to keep ones own passports. Indian migrant workers seldom lodge any complaint against their foreign employers for the fear of losing their jobs

Question 16.
Read the following paragraph and write your opinion on it. People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportunities and the inadequate income available In rural employment. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better serviced. Ramaish was able to find work in the organized sector. However, most urban migrants have to work as labourers and find employment in the unorganized sector. They could be working as hawkers, painters, repair persons, rickshaw pullers, construction labour, etc?

Answer: According to the paragraph, the people migrate to urban areas as there is no sufficient work in rural areas. They expect high income from urban areas but they settle in unorganized sector. They also have no job security and they face many problems

My opinion is that nowadays every individual wants high income for their families. The people are ready to go anywhere for that. Some of them are going even abroad for that leaving their families also. In this context of the paragraph rural people are migrating to urban areas

They hope that they lead a good life but many of them face many problems. They are forcibly settling in unorganized sector. Some of then, dont find even daily wages. In unorganized sector they aro facing various troubles. They have no proper shelter, no food, no schooling for their children

In conclusion, I suggest the government to take care of these labourers of unorganized sector and launch new schemes for these migrants. In cities and towns they should be identified and recognized and provided with ration cards to get commodities from fair price shops

Question 17.
Read the flowing paragraph and write your opinion on it. A large section of rural workers migrate for a short duration and particularly due to distress caused In rural areas. They are mainly agricultural labourers or marginal farmers in their place of origin and mostly belong to low income households, Dalits and adivasls?

Answer: As per the paragraph given, It is understood that most of the labourers migrating from rural areas to urban areas are from marginalised families. Their income is low and they are SCs and STs. They como to cities and towns in distress. My opinion is that most of the dal.ts and Adivasis have no agricultural lands, They are agricultural labourers working in others fields. When they tried no work in some peculiar seasons they migrate to urban areas. Especially the adlvas4s are still leading their lives based on the forest produce. Deforestation is going on. The forest cover is decreasing

So the Adivasis lose their opportunities of their collection. Many of other caste people of low income are also suffering the same. Irrespective of caste the poor are migrating. They are facing many problems in urban areas. I suggest the government to take up new initiatives for the sake of these low-income groups. MNREGA programmes should be launched In the needy areas. The duties, Adivasis and other low-income groups of other castes also should be given priority and welfare schemes

Question 18.
Prepare a paragraph on the above pie chart?

Answer: This pie chart is about the social background of short-term migrants in India. 2007- 08. It gives category-wise information of SC. ST, OBC and Others. On the overall observation, it is clearly understood that major number is from OBCs and others are less in percentage

Normally in population, the number of people from other backward classes is more. It is also observed in rural areas. People belong to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes have very less land and in some cases, they have no lands. Recently The trend is changing. Due to some welfare schemes, they are also leading better life. The percentage of others Is also nearly equal to the scheduled castes. Their migration purpose may be different. Many of these migrants work in unorganized sector like. construction work. brick industries, selling plastic goods and vegetables or in casual work

The government should take care of these migrants arid think why these people are migrating from their places It is possible rural prosperity is to be focused. Public facilities are to be provided at the rural areas and so this migration can be stopped or decreased

Question 19.
Locate the following in the given map of India?
Question 1. The only river which is flowing through the Rajasthan State?

Answer: Luni

Question 2. The state which has Malabar coast?

Answer: Kerala

Question 3. The state which has Utkal coast?

Answer: Odisha

Question 4. The capital of India?
Answer: Delhi
Question 5. Bhimbedka?

Answer: MP (Near. Bhopal)

Question 6. Rajiv Gandhi International Ariport?

Answer: Hyderabad

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